Substance Abuse, Columbia University, 1998; and various issues of FAMM-gram, publication of Families Against Mandatory Minimums Foundation.

341

Eric Schlosser, «More Reefer Madness», Atlantic Monthly, April 1997; «Congressional Family Drug Offenders Escape Mandatory Sentences, Get Favorable Treatment», North Coast Xpress, Spring 2000.

342

San Francisco Examiner, May 24, 1993.

343

Richard Moran, «FBI Scare Tactics», New York Times, May 7, 1996.

344

Согласно данным New York Criminal Justice Alliance. См. Julia Lutsky, «Torture in America’s Prisons», Peoples Weekly World, September 13, 1997.

345

Tom Cahill, «Prisoner Rape: Institutionalized Torture in the U.S.», Prison Focus, Winter 2000, and see <http://www.prisons.org>.

346

United States of America — Rights for All, отчет Amnesty International, October 1998; Corey Weinstein and Eric Cummins, «The Crime of Punishment at Pelican Bay Maximum Security Prison», Covert Action Quarterly, Summer 1993.

347

United States of America — Rights for All, Amnesty International, October 1998.

348

United States of America — Rights for All, Amnesty International, October 1998; Lutsky, «Torture in America’s Prisons»; Prison Legal News, October 1999; San Francisco Chronicle, June 10, 2000; Jean Stewart, «Life, Death and Disability Behind Bars», New Mobility, June 1998.

349

Audrey Bomse, «Congress Closes Courthouse Doors to Prison Litigation», Legal Journal (National Lawyers Guild Prison Law Project), Winter/Spring 1997.

350

Эндемичный вид — вид, распространение которого ограничено только определенным регионом или ареалом. (Примеч. пер.)

351

Willie Wisely, «Why Prisons Cost So Much», North Coast Xpress, April/May 1995.

352

David McGowan, Derailing Democracy (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 2000), 136.

353

Los Angeles Times, July 29, 2000.

354

San Francisco Chronicle, December 1, 1997. Анализ других дел десяти неправомерно осужденных обвиняемых см. Barry Scheck, Peter Neufeld, Jim Dwyer, Actual Innocence (Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday, 1999).

355

New York Times, June 15 and July 4, 1996.

356

New York Times, September 22, 2000.

357

Caucasian — в США это выражение означает европеец, лицо белой расы (Maxxicum). Например, надпись: members of the Caucasian race only served here — здесь обслуживаются только белые. (Примеч. пер.)

358

Richard Dieter, The Death Penalty in Black and White, отчет Death Penalty Information Center, Philadelphia, June 1998.

359

Michael Radelet, Hugo Adam Bedau, and Constance Putnam, In Spite of Innocence: The Ordeal of 400 Americans Wrongly Convicted of Crimes Punishable by Death (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992); а также Michael Radelet, William Lofquist, and Hugo Adam Bedau, «Death Penalty Symposium: Prisoners Released From Death Rows Since 1970 Because of Doubts about Their Guilt», Thomas M. Cooley Law Review 13, 1996.

360

«In Spite of Innocence», newsletter of Campaign to End the Death Penalty, Chicago, 1998.

361

New York Times, August 22, 1999 и June 12, 2000.

362

Shirley Dicks (ed.), Young Blood: Juvenile Justice and the Death Penalty (Amherst, N.Y: Prometheus, 1995); and United States of America — Rights for AU, Amnesty International, October 1998.

363

Lorraine Dusky, Still Unequal: The Shameful Truth about Women and Justice in America (New York: Crown, 1996); U.S. Surgeon General’s report: San Francisco Chronicle, October 2,1998; New York Times, March 17,1998.

364

Nina Siegal and Martin Espinoza, «No Escape», San Francisco Ray Guardian, April 30, 1997; Jennifer Gonnerman, «Welfare’s Domestic Violence», Nation, March 10, 1997.

365

Karen Winner, Divorced from Justice (New York: Regan, 1996); Dusky, Still Unequal, passim,

366

Jennifer Gonnerman, «The Anti-Abortion Stealth Campaign», On the Issues, Fall 1996; «Crusade of Terror», Nation, December 16, 1998.

367

New York Times editorial, December 7, 1984.

368

U.S. Department of Justice report cited in McGowan, Derailing Democracy, 117; Bobbie Stein, «Life in Prison: Sexual Abuse», Progressive, July 1996; Nina Siegal, «Death Behind Bars», San Francisco Bay Guardian, February 5, 1997.

369

Nancy Kurshan, «Women and Prison Today», North Coast Xpress, February/March 1997; редакционная колонка Arianna Huffington s, San Francisco Examiner, June 25, 2000.

370

U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, A Nation’s Shame: Fatal Child Abuse and Neglect in the United States (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1995); отчет Child Protective Services, San Francisco Chronicle, May 9, 1999.

371

New York Times, October 7, 2000.

372

Franklin Zimring, American Youth Violence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998); New York Times, May 17, 1999.

373

McGowan, Derailing Democracy, 57.

374

A. Clay Thompson, «The Lost Boys», San Francisco Bay Guardian, January 27, 1999; Vincent Schiraldi in Christian Science Monitor, November 1997.

375

Alien Jones, «Crime and Too Much Punishment», San Francisco Examiner, June 28, 2000; Dwight Edgar Abbott, / Cried, You Didn’t Listen (Los Angeles: Feral House, 1991), with Jack Carters concluding essay, «America’s Incarcerated Children Today», 159-71; Louise Armstrong, And They Call It Help: The Psychiatric Policing of America’s Children (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1993); Thomas Cottle, Children in Jail (Boston: Beacon, 1977); Kenneth Wooden, Weeping in the Playtime of Others (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976).

376

Peter Breggin, Talking Back to Ritalin (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 2000); New York Times, February 23, 2000.

377

San Francisco Bay Guardian, July 10 and August 14, 1996; Street Spirit (San Francisco), July 1996 and August 1996.

378

New York Times, March 5, 1998, and May 22, 1999; San Francisco Examiner, December 10, 1997.

379

В отношении свидетельств о насильственном инцесте см. «Childhood Sexual Abuse», special issue of Central Park (New York), Spring 1993; also «Incest Statistics», Witness, April 1988; John Crewdson, By Silence Betrayed: Sexual Abuse of Children in America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1988); Jane Ashley, «When Incest Haunts Love», Washington Post, August 27, 1990.

380

New York Times, May 10, 1998; Elisabeth Flynn and Chong Choe, «Down by Law», San Francisco Bay Guardian, June 26, 1996.

381

New York Times, June 1, 2000 и August 31, 1996; Debbie Nathan, «Sodomy for the Masses», Nation, April 19, 1999; and the case of Sandy Nelson, newsletter, National Lawyers Guild, Seattle chapter, August 1995.

382

Gish и Board of Education ofParamus, N.J. (1976); Bowers и Hardwick (1986).

383

См. годовой отчет National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, Washington, D.C., а также National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs; San Francisco Chronicle, October 13, 1998.

384

Washington Post, November 30, 1986.

385

Eileen Poe-Yamagata and Michael A. Jones, And Justice for Some (National Council on Crime and Delinquency, 2000).

386

Punishment and Prejudice: Racial Disparities in the War on Drugs, Human Rights Watch, 2000; отчет National Criminal Justice Commission цит. по McGowan, Derailing Democracy, 71; Washington Post, October 9,1996.

387

USA Today, March 24, 1998.

388

New York Times, December 12, 1995 и March 13, 1997; Los Angeles Times, January 25, 2000; San Francisco Bay Guardian, July 2 and July 9, 1997.

389

McGowan, Derailing Democracy, 47-48; а также Los Angeles Times, June 13 and July 26, 1999; New York Times, August 14, 1997 и May 5, 1999; see also Christian Parenti, Lock-down America: Police and Prisons in the Age of Crisis (New York and London: Verso, 1999); Bruce Shapiro, «When Justice Kills», Nation, June 9, 1997.

390

New York Press, June 15-22, 1999.

391

Bob Herbert, «A Brutal Epidemic», New York Times, April 27, 1997.

392

Belinda Griswold, «The Thin Blue Line», San Francisco Bay Guardian, October 15, 1997.

393

Цитируется по журналу Parade, August 22, 1976. Однако, даже при наилучшей обстановке в обществе всегда находятся безжалостные эгоисты, которые прибегают к насилию и незаконным средствам для достижения своих целей. Не все преступления обусловлены материальными лишениями и классовой несправедливостью.

394

David Burnham, A Law Unto Itself: The IRS and the Abuse of Power (New York: Vintage, 1989), 255-90.

395

Margaret Spillance, «Fo’s Last Laugh — II», Nation, November 3, 1997.

396

Канадская королевская конная полиция — служба безопасности и контрразведки Канады. (Примеч. пер.)

397

Merrily Weisbord, The Strangest Dream: Canadian Communists, the Spy Trials, and the Cold War (Toronto: Lester and Orpen Denriys, 1983), 7.

398

Bias and Restrictionism Towards Central American Asylum Seekers in North America (Washington, D.C.: United States Committee for Refugees, 1988).

399

Lloyd Corporation и Tanner (1972).

400

Ellen Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999); Stanley Kutler, The American Inquisition (New York: Hill 8c Wang, 1982); Richard Curry (ed.), Freedom at Risk: Secrecy, Censorship and Repression in the 1980s (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988).

401

New York Times, August 11, 1996.

402

Philip Colangelo, «The Secret FISA Court», CovertAction Quarterly, Summer 1995.

403

James Kirkpatrick Davis, Assault on the Left: The FBI and the Sixties Antiwar Movement (New York: Praeger, 1997). On the FBI’s longstanding battle against integration, see James Dickerson, Dixie’s Dirty Secret (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1998); and Kenneth O’Reilly, Racial Matters: The FBI’s Secret File on Black America, 1960-1972 (New York: Free Press, 1989).

404

Quoted in Frank Donner, «The Theory and Practice of American Political Intelligence», New York Review of Books, April 22, 1971, 28; also Frank Donner, The Age of Surveillance (New York: Knopf, 1980).

405

Mike Rothmiller and Ivan Goldman, L.A. Secret Police (New York: Pocket, 1992); Frank Donner, Protectors of Privilege: Red Squads and Police Repression in Urban America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).

406

Nelson Blackstock, COINTELPRO (New York: Pathfinder, 1988); Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall, COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI’s Secret Wars against Dissent in the United States (Boston: South End, 1990); M. Wesley Swearingen, FBI Secrets: An Agent’s Expose (Boston: South End, 1995).

407

New York Times, November 24, 1974.

408

Swearingen, FBI Secrets, 105-6.

409

Brian Click, War at Home (Boston: South End, 1989).

410

Anthony Summers, Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover (New York: Putnam, 1993); Herbert Mitgang, Dangerous Dossiers (New York: Donald Fine, 1988); Hank Messick, John Edgar Hoover: A Critical Examination of the Director and of the Continuing Alliance between Crime, Business, and Politics (New York: David McKay, 1972); Athan Theoharis and John Stuart Cox, The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988); Michael Milan, The Squad: The Government’s Secret Alliance with Organized Crime (New York: Shapolsky, 1989).

411

Heather Rhoads, «FBI Ups Psychological Warfare against Activists», Guardian, August 28, 1991; Ross Gelbspan, Break-ins, Death Threats, and the FBI (Boston: South End, 1991).

412

Robert J. Goldstein, Political Repression in Modern America, from 1870 to the Present (Boston: Schenkman/Hall, 1978); Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes; David Caute, The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge under Truman and Eisenhower (New York: Simon 8c Schuster, 1978).

413

Kenneth Heineman, Campus Wars: The Peace Movement at American State Universities in the Vietnam Era (New York: NYU Press, 1993); American Civil Liberties Report edited by Norman Dorsen, Our Endangered Rights (New York: Pantheon, 1984); also Michael Parenti, «Struggles in Academe: A Personal Account», in Parenti, Dirty Truths