Relations, Pratt House, New York.

494

Shoup and Minter, Imperial Brain Trust, passim.

495

Stephen Gill, American Hegemony and the Trilateral Commission (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Domhoff, Who Rules America Now?, 89, 134, and passim; Philip Burch Jr., «The American Establishment: Its Historical Development and Major Economic Components», Research in Political Economy, vol. 6 (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI, 1983), 83—156.

496

Ron Brownstein and Nina Easton, Reagan’s Ruling Class (Washington, D.C.: Center for the Study of Responsive Law, 1982); Domhoff, Who Rules America Now?, 139-40.

497

Workers World, March 4, 1993.

498

New York Times, February 16, 1999.

499

Jean Stefancic and Richard Delgado, No Mercy: How Conservative Think Tanks and Foundations Changed America’s Social Agenda (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996); Sally Covington, «How Conservative Philanthropies and Think Tanks Transform US Policy», CovertAction Quarterly, Winter 1998.

500

Chuck Fogel, «Spying on the Union», Solidarity, March 1988; Tim Wheeler and Ron Johnson, «Files Reveal Four Years of FBI Spying on Unions, Peace Groups», People’s Daily, January 28, 1988.

501

Economic Notes, Labor Research Association, March 1997.

502

New York Times, October 24, 2000; Kate Bronfenbrenner, «We’ll Close!» Plant Closing Threats, Union Organizing and NAFTA», Multinational Monitor, March 1997; Michael Yates, Power on the Job: The Legal Rights of Working People (Boston: South End, 1995); David Bacon, «Labor Slaps the Smug New Face of Union-Busting», CovertAcHon Quarterly, Spring 1997.

503

Michael Goldfield, The Decline of Organized Labor in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989). For a well-documented and damning report on the anti-union state of U.S. labor law, see Human Rights Watch, Unfair Advantage: Workers’ Freedom of Association Under International Human Rights Standards, <http://www.hrw.org/reports /2000/uslabor>.

504

Don Terry quoted in New York Times, July 31, 1998.

505

Economic Notes, January/February 1992, 3.

506

Bacon, «Labor Slaps the Smug New Face of Union-Busting.»

507

Union, Service Employees International Union, Spring 1996; UAW Report, Region 5, March/April 1998.

508

Dan Moldea, Dark Victory: Ronald Reagan, MCA, and the Mob (New York: Penguin, 1987), 66-70.

509

Michael Yates, Why Unions Matter (New York: Monthly Review, 1998); New York Times, April 22, 1993.

510

New York Times, August 31,1997; Economic Notes, May/June 1990, 4—5; Richard Freeman and James Medoff, What Do Unions Do? (New York: Basic, 1984); «OSHA Enforcement», Economic Notes, January/ February 1991.

511

Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 2, 1996; Detroit News, September 1, 1996.

512

Laurie Jo Hughes, «AIFLD: American Intervention against Free Labor Development», Nicaragua Monitor (Nicaragua Network Education Fund, Washington, D.C.), December 1991/ January 1992.

513

Quoted in New York Times, May 21, 1989.

514

See Lori Wallach and Michelle Sforza, The WTO (New York: Seven Stories, 2000); and John R. Mac Arthur, The Selling of «Free Trade»: NAFTA, Washington, and the Subversion of American Democracy (New York: Hill 8c Wang, 2000).

515

New York Times, April 30, 1996, and May 9, 1997; Washington Post, October 13, 1998.

516

Из отчета Программы развития Организации Объединенных Наций (ПРООН, United Nations Development Program) New York Times, July 13, 1999.

517

Порошок карри — смесь черного, белого, красного и душистого перца с кардамоном, имбирем, крахмалом, глюкозой и поваренной солью. (Примеч. пер.)

518

Quoted in People’s Weekly World, December 7, 1996.

519

MacArthur, The Selling of «Free Trade»; John Ross, «Tortilla Wars», Progressive, June 1999; and Sarah Anderson and John Cavanagh, «Nafta’s Unhappy Anniversary», New York Times, February 7, 1995.

520

For a concise but thorough treatment, see Steven Shrybman, A Citizen’s Guide to the World Trade Organization (Ottawa and Toronto: Canadian Center for Policy Alternatives and James Lorimer, 1999).

521

San Francisco Chronicle, June 19, 1999.

522

Dean Alger, Megamedia: How Giant Corporations Dominate Mass Media, Distort Competition, and Endanger Democracy (Lanham, Md.: Rowman 8c Littlefield, 1998); Arthur Rowse, Drive-By Journalism (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 2000); Ben Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly, 5th ed. (Boston: Beacon, 1997).

523

Неполный список, см. Nation, March 17, 1997, 23-26.

524

«From the Top», Extra!, July/August 1998.

525

Alger, Megamedia, passim. Nation, March 17, 1997. Детальный отчет о захвате сети см. Dennis Mazzocco, Networks of Power (Boston: South End, 1994).

526

Daniel Zoll, «Radio Rat Poison», San Francisco Bay Guardian, September 20, 2000; Molly Ivins, «Surprise! Telecom Act Is a Disaster», San Francisco Chronicle, March 16, 1999.

527

Доклад Комиссии по свободе прессы цитируется в работе Robert Cirino, Don’t Blame the People (New York: Vintage, 1972), 47; см. также Michael Parenti, Inventing Reality: The Politics of News Media, 2nd ed. (New York: St. Martins, 1993), 33-35, 47, 59.

528

Цитируется в публикации Eric Barnouw, The Sponsor (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 57.

529

Джонатан Куитни, телефонный разговор с Майклом Паренти, Март 1992.

530

Интервью для MediaFile, опубликовано в Media Alliance, January/February 2000.

531

Herb Kaye, ««Freedom of the Press» — for Publishers», People’s Weekly World, August 22, 1998.

532

«Where s the Power: Newsroom or Boardroom?» Extra!, July /August 1998; Fear and Favor in the Newsroom, documentary film, California Newsreel, San Francisco, KQED-TV, November 12, 1998.

533

«Where’s the Power: Newsroom or Boardroom?» Extra!, July /August 1998.

534

Burling Lowrey, «The Media’s Honoraria», Washington Post, April 26, 1989; William Dorman, «Favors Received», Nation, October 11, 1980.

535

David Croteau, «Challenging the «Liberal Media» Claim», Extra!, July/August 1998.

536

Carl Jensen (ed.), America’s CENSORED Newsletter, December 1992.

537

Todd Purdum in New York Times, January 13, 1999.

538

По словам Винсента Ширальди, директора Института полицейских судей, процитированным в публикации David Mc-Gowan, Derailing Democracy (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 2000), 60.

539

Обзор Morton Mintz в Nieman Reports, July 2000.

540

Robert Entman, «The Color Game: How Media Play the Race Card», Newswatch, Summer 1999.

541

«Who Gets to Speak?» Extra!, July/August 1998; Doug Ireland, «Unfit to Print», Nation, July 28-August 4,1997; Norman Solomon and JefF Cohen, Wizards of Media Oz: Behind the Mainstream News (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 1997).

542

«Field Guide to TVs Lukewarm Liberals», Extra!, July /August 1998.

543

William Solomon, «More Form Than Substance: Press Coverage of the WTO Protests in Seattle», Monthly Review, May 2000. On how the media misrepresented NAFTA, see Edward Herman, «Mexican Meltdown», Z Magazine, September 1995.

544

«Journalists at Work: Who’s Watching the Watchdogs?» Alternative Press Review, Spring/ Summer 1998, and <http://www.pir.org>.

545

William Blum, Rogue State (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 2000), 10.

546

Parenti, Inventing Reality, passim; and Blum, Rogue State, passim.

547

Входит в состав Китая. (Примеч. ред.)

548

См. дискуссию и ссылки в главе 7.

549

Цитируется и подвергается критике в Blum, Rogue State, 10.

550

Sean Gervasi, «CIA Covert Propaganda Capability», CovertAction Information Bulletin, December 1979/Janaury 1980; Daniel Brandt, «Journalism and the CIA», Alternative Press Review, Spring/Summer 1998; Carl Bernstein, «The CIA and the Media», Rolling Stone, October 20, 1977.

551

Gary Webb, Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion (New York: Seven Stories, 1998); а также Jeffrey St. Clair et al., The CIA, Drugs and the Press (New York and London: Verso, 1998).

552

«Tailwind: Rebuttal to the Abrams/Kohler Report», posted Jul)? 22, 1998, <http:// www.freedomforum.org/fpfp/specialprograms/tailwindl.asp>; also April Oliver and Peter Arnett, «Did the U.S. Drop Nerve Gas?» Time, June 15, 1998.

553

New York Times, July 1, 1998; исследование, проведенное Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, цит. по Leib Dodell, в Письме редактора New York Times, July 8,1998.

554

New York Times, November 27, 1988; italics added.

555

Michael Parent!, Mahe-Believe Media: The Politics of Entertainment (New York: St. Martins, 1992).

556

Parenti, Make-Believe Media, Chapter 7 and studies cited therein.

557

Parenti, Make-Believe Media, Chapter 5.

558

PBS and the American Worker, Committee for Cultural Studies, City University of New York, June 1990; and U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Energy and Commerce, Public Communications Act of 1991, Report 102-363, November 23,1991, 13 ff.

559

Federal Communications Commission, «Applicability of the Fairness Doctrine in the Handling of Controversial Issues of Public Importance», Federal Register 29, July 25, 1964, 10415 ff.

560

См. публикацию KPFA Folio, Sonoma County Peace and Justice Center, California; also <http://www.savepaciflca.net/strike/>.

561

Старая, центральная часть городов — часто перенаселенная, застроенная старыми домами. (Примеч. пер.)

562

Ben Clarke, «NAB Moves to Kill Low Power FM», San Francisco Bay Guardian, September 20, 2000; see also <http://www.freeradio.org>.

563

Robert McChesney, Telecommunications, Mass Media and Democracy: The Battle for the Control of U.S. Broadcasting 1928-1935 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).

564

Vanishing Voter Project, Center on the Press, Politics, and Public Policy, Harvard University, December 1999: <http://www.vanishingvoter.org>; New York Times/CBS Poll, August 12,1995.

565

Alan Altshuler, Community Control (New York: Pegasus, 1970), 74-75.

566

GOP означает «Великая старая партия» — сокращенное название Республиканской партии. Некоторые считают, что его следует расшифровывать как «Сборище плутократов».

567

Guardian, Special Report, Fall 1981.

568

Voter News Service exit polls, New York Times, November 7, 1996.

569

Речь идет о других партиях, которые потенциально могли бы стать третьей политической партией в политической системе США. (Примеч. пер.)

570

Newsletter, Ballot Access News, October 1 and November 1, 1999.

571

Newsletter, Ballot Access News, January 1, 2000.

572

Newsletter, Ballot Access News, February 6, 1999.

573

Newsletter, Ballot Access News, June 1, 1999, and various other issues.,

574

Например, судебное дело «Либертарианская партия Западной Вирджинии против Мэнчин» (West Virginia Libertarian Party u Manchin, 1982) или «Бакли против Американского фонда конституционного законодательства» (Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation, 1999).

575

Судебное дело «Манро против Социалистической рабочей партии» (Munrov. Socialist Workers Party, 1986).

576

Newsletter, Ballot Access News, November 1, 1999.

577

Newsletter, Center for Voting and Democracy, Washington, D.C., December 1996.

578

Newsletter, Center for Voting and Democracy, Washington, D.C., December 1999.

579

Например, редакционная статья New York Times, «Proportional Representation Flunks», April 24, 1993.

580

David Brodsky (ed.), «Proportional Representation Handbook for Progressives: Part II», Progressive Clearinghouse Bulletin, no. 6, 1998, 7; Robert Richie and Steven Hill, «The Case for Proportional Representation», Boston Review, February/March 1988, а также соответствующие комментарии; Douglas Amy, Real Choice/New Voices: The Case for Proportional Representation Elections in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993).

581

Kathleen Barber, Proportional Representation and Election Reform in Ohio (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1996); Martin Gottlieb, «The «Golden Age» of the City Council», New York Times, August 11, 1991; Leon Weaver and Judith Baum, «Proportional Representation on New York City Community School Boards», in Wilma Rule and Joseph Zimmerman (eds.), United States Electoral Systems (New York: Praeger, 1992).

582

Ballot Access News, December 8, 1998; Steven Hill, «Lessons on the Mechanics of Democracy», Los Angeles Times, February 15, 1996.

583

Названо таким образом по имени губернатора штата Массачусетс Элбриджа Джерри, который применил его в 1812 году, и слова salamander, обозначающего странную форму этого округа.

584

Судебные дела «Шоу против Рено» (Shaw v. Reno, 1993) и «Буш против Вера» (Bush и Vera, 1996).

585

Судебное дело «Хант против Кромарти» (Hunt v. Cromartie, 1999).

586

Barry Yeoman, «Virtual Disenfranchisement»,